<ul><li><p>2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page vi</p></li><li><p>WileyPLUS contains everything you and your students need and nothing more, including:</p><p>The entire textbook onlinewith dynamic links from homework to relevant sections. Students can use the online text and save up to half the cost of buying a new printed book.Automated assigning &amp; grading of homework &amp; quizzes.An interactive variety of ways to teach and learn the material.Instant feedback and help for studentsavailable 24/7.</p><p>Achieve PositiveLearning Outcomes</p><p>WileyPLUS helped me become more prepared. There were more resources available using WileyPLUS than just using a regular [printed] textbook, which helped out significantly. Very helpful..and very easy to use. </p><p> Student Victoria Cazorla, Dutchess County Community College </p><p>See and tryWileyPLUS in action!Details and Demo:</p><p>www.wileyplus.com</p><p>W ileyPLUS combines robust course management tools with interactive teaching and learning resources all in one easy-to-use system.It has helped over half a million students and instructors achieve positive learning outcomes in their courses.</p><p>WileyPLUS.indd Page 1 8/25/08 8:46:44 AM fpgquark-3 /Volumes/204/JWCL035/SETUP%0/custdoc%0/wileyPLUS_FM_REVISED2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page i</p></li><li><p>Extensive problem banks include conceptual problems, algorithmic end-of-chapter problems, symbolic notation problems, simulation problems, and tutorial problems.</p><p>Instructor-controlled problem-solving assistance within each problem links students to hints, additional examples, videos, and specific sections of the online text.</p><p>W ileyPLUS for Physics is an easy-to-use online learning and assessment system. The problem types and resources are designed to enable and support transferable problem-solving skills and conceptual understanding.</p><p> WileyPLUS complements instructors lectures, and gives more resources for whenI get stuck on homework problems .. well thought out and intuitive, and providesassistance in solving problems with links to the text and useful demonstrations.</p><p> Student Theodore Lee, SUNY Geneseo</p><p>The problems were set up nicely, and fun to do. There were various diffi cultiesof questions and lots of relevant physics phenomena which were best forunderstanding the subject. All the additional material [in the online text] is very,very interesting!</p><p> Student Minh V. Luu, SUNY Geneseo</p><p>See and try WileyPLUS in action!Details and Demo: www.wileyplus.com</p><p>Why WileyPLUS for Physics?Why WileyPLUS for Physics?</p><p>WileyPLUS2.indd Page 1 8/21/08 6:54:26 AM fpgquark-3 /Users/fpgquark-3/Desktop2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page ii</p></li><li><p>Assignable GO Tutorial Problems show students how to break down complex problems into simpler steps, and feedback is provided for each step.</p><p>WileyPLUS combines robust course management tools with the complete online text andall of the interactive teaching and learning resources you and your students need in oneeasy-to-use system.</p><p>I loved the GO problems, they broke the problem down andmade me realize that I could do this stuff on my own. I have anA because of WileyPLUS.</p><p> Student Nathan Bennett, United States Military Academy</p><p> WileyPLUS actually got me to do my work on time gave a lotof good examples, and got me more prepared for the tests. Itreally changed the way I studied and learned the material!</p><p> Student Kelly Gorton, SUNY New Paltz</p><p>The GO Tutorials are great .. very conducive to my understandingof Physics. WileyPLUS gave me another option when I did not knowhow to solve a problem.</p><p> Justin Ellis, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga</p><p>WileyPLUS2.indd Page 2 9/4/08 9:39:11 PM elhi /Volumes/108/MHIA013/mheub6%0/eub6ch072762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page iii</p></li><li><p>Wiley is committed to making your entire WileyPLUS experienceproductive &amp; enjoyable by providing the help, resources, and</p><p>personal support you &amp; your students need, when you need it.Its all here: www.wileyplus.com </p><p>TECHNICAL SUPPORT:A fully searchable knowledge base of FAQs and help documentation, available 24/7</p><p>Live chat with a trained member of our support staff during business hours</p><p>A form to fill out and submit online to ask any question and get a quick response</p><p>Instructor-only phone line during business hours: 1.877.586.0192</p><p>FACULTY-LED TRAINING THROUGH THE WILEY FACULTY NETWORK:Register online: www.wherefacultyconnect.comConnect with your colleagues in a complimentary virtual seminar, with a personal mentorin your field, or at a live workshop to share best practices for teaching with technology.</p><p>1ST DAY OF CLASSAND BEYOND!Resources You &amp; Your Students Need to Get Started&amp; Use WileyPLUS from the first day forward.2-Minute Tutorials on how to set up &amp; maintain your WileyPLUS course</p><p>User guides, links to technical support &amp; training options</p><p>WileyPLUS for Dummies: Instructors quick reference guide to using WileyPLUS</p><p>Student tutorials &amp; instruction on how to register, buy, and use WileyPLUS</p><p>YOUR WileyPLUS ACCOUNT MANAGER:Your personal WileyPLUS connection for any assistance you need!</p><p>SET UP YOUR WileyPLUS COURSE IN MINUTES!Selected WileyPLUS courses with QuickStart contain pre-loaded assignments &amp; presentations created by subject matter experts who are also experienced WileyPLUS users.</p><p>Interested? See and try WileyPLUS in action!Details and Demo: www.wileyplus.com</p><p>WileyPLUS.indd Page Sec1:4 8/25/08 8:46:49 AM fpgquark-3 /Volumes/204/JWCL035/SETUP%0/custdoc%0/wileyPLUS_FM_REVISED2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page iv</p></li><li><p>8TH E D I T I O N</p><p>PHYSICS</p><p>2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page v</p></li><li><p>2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page vi</p></li><li><p>John D. Cutnell &amp; Kenneth W. JohnsonSouthern Illinois University at Carbondale</p><p>with contributions by</p><p>Kent D. FisherColumbus State Community College</p><p>JOHN WILEY &amp; SONS, INC.</p><p>8TH E D I T I O N</p><p>PHYSICS</p><p>2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page vii</p></li><li><p>To my wife, Joan Cutnell, a patient friend and my support throughout this project.To Anne Johnson, my wonderful wife, a caring person, and my best friend.</p><p>SPONSORING EDITOR Geraldine Osnato</p><p>EXECUTIVE EDITOR Stuart Johnson</p><p>SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR Thomas Kulesa</p><p>ASSISTANT EDITOR Alyson Rentrop</p><p>PRODUCTION EDITOR Barbara Russiello</p><p>EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER Amanda Wainer</p><p>COVER AND TEXT DESIGNER Madelyn Lesure</p><p>SENIOR ILLUSTRATION EDITOR Sigmund Malinowski</p><p>ELECTRONIC ILLUSTRATION Precision Graphics</p><p>PHOTO RESEARCHER Elaine Soares</p><p>PHOTO EDITOR Hilary Newman</p><p>COVER PHOTO Patrick Giardino/CorbisPhoto reproduced with permission of Sarah Reinertsen; prosthetics by www.ossur.com</p><p>This book was set in 10/12 Times Roman by Aptara and printed and bound by RR Donnelley. The cover wasprinted by RR Donnelley.</p><p>This book is printed on acid-free paper. </p><p>Copyright 2009, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted underSections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of thePublisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center,Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher forpermission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., 111 River Street,Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.</p><p>To order books or for customer service, please call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945).</p><p>Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:Cutnell, John D.Physics / John D. Cutnell &amp; Kenneth W. Johnson. 8th ed.</p><p>ISBN 978-0-470-22355-0 (cloth: main) ISBN 978-0-470-37924-0 (v. 1: pbk.) ISBN 978-0-470-37925-7 (v. 2: pbk.)1. PhysicsTextbooks. I. Johnson, Kenneth W. II. Title. QC23.2.C87 2008</p><p>2008028063Main Text (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-470-22355-0Volume 1 (paperback) ISBN 978-0-470-37924-0Volume 2 (paperback) ISBN 978-0-470-37925-7Advanced Edition (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-470-47544-7Binder Ready Version ISBN 978-0-470-40167-5</p><p>Printed in the United States of America</p><p>10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1</p><p>2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/20/08 1:12 AM Page viii</p></li><li><p>1 INTRODUCTION AND MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS 1</p><p>2 KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION 28</p><p>3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS 59</p><p>4 FORCES AND NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION 87</p><p>5 DYNAMICS OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION 135</p><p>6 WORK AND ENERGY 160</p><p>7 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM 195</p><p>8 ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS 222</p><p>9 ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS 246</p><p>10 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND ELASTICITY 285</p><p>11 FLUIDS 320</p><p>12 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT 357</p><p>13 THE TRANSFER OF HEAT 392</p><p>14 THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINETIC THEORY 414</p><p>15 THERMODYNAMICS 438</p><p>16 WAVES AND SOUND 473</p><p>17 THE PRINCIPLE OF LINEAR SUPERPOSITION AND INTERFERENCE PHENOMENA 507</p><p>18 ELECTRIC FORCES AND ELECTRIC FIELDS 533</p><p>19 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY AND THE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 569</p><p>20 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 599</p><p>21 MAGNETIC FORCES AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 642</p><p>22 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 680</p><p>23 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS 719</p><p>24 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 745</p><p>25 THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT: MIRRORS 774</p><p>26 THE REFRACTION OF LIGHT: LENSES AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 796</p><p>27 INTERFERENCE AND THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT 842</p><p>28 SPECIAL RELATIVITY 875</p><p>29 PARTICLES AND WAVES 901</p><p>30 THE NATURE OF THE ATOM 924</p><p>31 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIOACTIVITY 958</p><p>32 IONIZING RADIATION, NUCLEAR ENERGY, AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 986</p><p>BRIEF CONTENTS</p><p>ix</p><p>2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page ix</p></li><li><p>CONTENTS</p><p>1 INTRODUCTION AND MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS 1</p><p>1.1 The Nature of Physics 11.2 Units 21.3 The Role of Units in Problem Solving 31.4 Trigonometry 61.5 Scalars and Vectors 91.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction 101.7 The Components of a Vector 121.8 Addition of Vectors by Means of Components 151.9 Concepts &amp; Calculations 18</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 19</p><p>2 KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION 282.1 Displacement 282.2 Speed and Velocity 292.3 Acceleration 322.4 Equations of Kinematics </p><p>for Constant Acceleration 352.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics 392.6 Freely Falling Bodies 432.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity </p><p>and Acceleration 482.8 Concepts &amp; Calculations 49</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 51</p><p>3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS 593.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 593.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions 603.3 Projectile Motion 65</p><p>*3.4 Relative Velocity 743.5 Concepts &amp; Calculations 78</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 79</p><p>4 FORCES AND NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION 87</p><p>4.1 The Concepts of Force and Mass 874.2 Newtons First Law of Motion 884.3 Newtons Second Law of Motion 904.4 The Vector Nature </p><p>of Newtons Second Law of Motion 924.5 Newtons Third Law of Motion 934.6 Types of Forces: An Overview 954.7 The Gravitational Force 964.8 The Normal Force 994.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces 1034.10 The Tension Force 1104.11 Equilibrium Applications </p><p>of Newtons Laws of Motion 1104.12 Nonequilibrium Applications </p><p>of Newtons Laws of Motion 1154.13 Concepts &amp; Calculations 122</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 123</p><p>5 DYNAMICS OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION 135</p><p>5.1 Uniform Circular Motion 1355.2 Centripetal Acceleration 1365.3 Centripetal Force 1395.4 Banked Curves 1435.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits 1445.6 Apparent Weightlessness and Artificial Gravity 147</p><p>*5.7 Vertical Circular Motion 1515.8 Concepts &amp; Calculations 152</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 154</p><p>6 WORK AND ENERGY 1606.1 Work Done by a Constant Force 1606.2 The WorkEnergy Theorem and Kinetic Energy 1636.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 1696.4 Conservative Versus Nonconservative Forces 1716.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy 1736.6 Nonconservative Forces and </p><p>the WorkEnergy Theorem 1776.7 Power 1796.8 Other Forms of Energy </p><p>and the Conservation of Energy 1816.9 Work Done by a Variable Force 1826.10 Concepts &amp; Calculations 183</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 186</p><p>7 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM 1957.1 The ImpulseMomentum Theorem 1957.2 The Principle of Conservation </p><p>of Linear Momentum 1997.3 Collisions in One Dimension 2047.4 Collisions in Two Dimensions 2097.5 Center of Mass 2117.6 Concepts &amp; Calculations 213</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 214</p><p>8 ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS 2228.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement 2228.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration 2258.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics 2278.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables 2298.5 Centripetal Acceleration </p><p>and Tangential Acceleration 2318.6 Rolling Motion 234</p><p>*8.7 The Vector Nature of Angular Variables 2368.8 Concepts &amp; Calculations 236</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 238</p><p>9 ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS 2469.1 The Action of Forces and Torques </p><p>on Rigid Objects 2469.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium 2489.3 Center of Gravity 253</p><p>x</p><p>2762T_fm_i-xxviii_mainbook.qxd 11/19/08 6:21 PM Page x</p></li><li><p>CONTENTS xi</p><p>9.4 Newtons Second Law for Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis 258</p><p>9.5 Rotational Work and Energy 2679.6 Angular Momentum 2709.7 Concepts &amp; Calculations 272</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 274</p><p>10 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND ELASTICITY 285</p><p>10.1 The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion 285</p><p>10.2 Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle 288</p><p>10.3 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion 29410.4 The Pendulum 29710.5 Damped Harmonic Motion 30010.6 Driven Harmonic Motion </p><p>and Resonance 30110.7 Elastic Deformation 30210.8 Stress, Strain, and Hookes Law 30710.9 Concepts &amp; Calculations 308</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 310</p><p>11 FLUIDS 32011.1 Mass Density 32011.2 Pressure 32111.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid 32311.4 Pressure Gauges 32611.5 Pascals Principle 32711.6 Archimedes Principle 33011.7 Fluids in Motion 33411.8 The Equation of Continuity 33511.9 Bernoullis Equation 33811.10 Applications of Bernoullis Equation 339</p><p>*11.11 Viscous Flow 34411.12 Concepts &amp; Calculations 346</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 348</p><p>12 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT 35712.1 Common Temperature Scales 35712.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale 35912.3 Thermometers 35912.4 Linear Thermal Expansion 36112.5 Volume Thermal Expansion 36712.6 Heat and Internal Energy 36912.7 Heat and Temperature Change:</p><p>Specific Heat Capacity 36912.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat 373</p><p>*12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter 377*12.10 Humidity 380</p><p>12.11 Concepts &amp; Calculations 381CONCEPT SUMMARY 383</p><p>13 THE TRANSFER OF HEAT 39213.1 Convection 39213.2 Conduction 39513.3 Radiation 40113.4 Applications 40513.5 Concepts &amp; Calculations 406</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 408</p><p>14 THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINETIC THEORY 414</p><p>14.1 Molecular Mass, The Mole,and Avogadros Number 414</p><p>14.2 The Ideal Gas Law 41614.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases 422</p><p>*14.4 Diffusion 42714.5 Concepts &amp; Calculations 430</p><p>CONCEPT SUMMARY 432</p><p>15 THERMODYNAMICS 43815.1 Thermodynamic Systems </p><p>and Their Surroundings 43815.2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 43915.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 43915.4 Thermal Processes 44115.5 Thermal Processes </p><p>Using an Ideal Gas 44415.6 Specific Heat Capacities 44715.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 44815.8 Heat Engines 44915.9 Carnots Principle </p><p>and the Carnot Engine 45015.10 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners,</p><p>and Heat Pumps 45315.11..</p></li></ul>