<p>BiopsychologyEighth Edition</p><p>John P. J. PinelUniversity of British Columbia</p><p>Allyn &amp; BaconBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo</p><p>To Maggie, the love of my life.</p><p>Editor in Chief: Jessica Mosher Executive Editor: Susan Hartman Editorial Assistant: Laura Barry Marketing Manager: Nicole Kunzmann Senior Production Project Manager: Roberta Sherman Manufacturing Buyer: Debbie Rossi Cover Administrator: Joel Gendron Editorial Production and Composition Service: Nesbitt Interior Design: Nesbitt Photo Researcher: Katherine S. Cebik Developmental Editor: Erin K. L. Grelak Production Editor: Jane Hoover Credits appear on pages 564 565, which constitute an extension of the copyright page. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Allyn &amp; Bacon, 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300, Boston, MA 02116. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any from or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Higher Education, Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116, or fax your request to 617-671-3447. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Pinel, John P. J. Biopsychology / John P.J. Pinel. -- 8th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-205-83256-9 (alk. paper) 1. Psychobiology--Textbooks. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Psychophysiology--methods. 2. Behavior--physiology. 3. Brain--physiology. 4. Brain Diseases--physiopathology. WL 103] QP360.P463 2012 612.8--dc22 2010038756 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 RRD-OH 14 13 12 11</p><p>www.pearsonhighered.com</p><p>ISBN 10: 0-205-83256-3 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-83256-9</p><p>Brief ContentsPart One</p><p>What Is Biopsychology?</p><p>101</p><p>Brain Damage and NeuroplasticityCan the Brain Recover from Damage? How Your Brain Stores Information</p><p>240 268</p><p>1</p><p>Biopsychology as a NeuroscienceWhat Is Biopsychology, Anyway?</p><p>11</p><p>Learning, Memory, and Amnesia</p><p>Part Two</p><p>Foundations of Biopsychology</p><p>Part Five20 50</p><p>Biopsychology of Motivation</p><p>2 3 4 5</p><p>Evolution, Genetics, and ExperienceThinking about the Biology of Behavior</p><p>12 13 14</p><p>Hunger, Eating, and Health Hormones and Sex</p><p>Why Do Many People Eat Too Much? What s Wrong with the Mamawawa?</p><p>298 327</p><p>Anatomy of the Nervous System</p><p>Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System</p><p>Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission The Research Methods of Biopsychology</p><p>How Neurons Send and Receive Signals</p><p>75</p><p>Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms</p><p>How Much Do You Need to Sleep?</p><p>355</p><p>15101</p><p>Drug Addiction and the Brain s Reward CircuitsChemicals That Harm with Pleasure</p><p>383</p><p>Understanding What Biopsychologists Do</p><p>Part Three</p><p>Part Six</p><p>Sensory and Motor Systems</p><p>Disorders of Cognition and Emotion131</p><p>6 7 8</p><p>The Visual SystemHow We See</p><p>16</p><p>Lateralization, Language, and the Split BrainThe Left Brain and the Right Brain of Language</p><p>411</p><p>Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and AttentionHow You Know the World How You Move</p><p>164 191</p><p>17 18</p><p>Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and HealthFear, the Dark Side of Emotion</p><p>442</p><p>The Sensorimotor System</p><p>Biopsychology of Psychiatric DisordersThe Brain Unhinged</p><p>466</p><p>Part Four</p><p>Brain Plasticity</p><p>9</p><p>Development of the Nervous SystemFrom Fertilized Egg to You</p><p>219</p><p>iii</p><p>ContentsPreface To the Student About the Author</p><p>xvii xxiv xxiv</p><p>1.6</p><p>Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?</p><p>13</p><p>1.7 Part One</p><p>What Is Biopsychology?</p><p>Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims 14 Case 1: Jos and the Bull 15 Case 2: Becky, Moniz, and Prefrontal Lobotomy 15 Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review 17 18 18 19</p><p>1</p><p>Biopsychology as a Neuroscience What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?</p><p>1</p><p>Part Two</p><p>Foundations of Biopsychology</p><p>2The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time Four Major Themes of This Book 1.1 1.2 What Is Biopsychology? What Is the Relation between Biopsychology and the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience? What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach? Human and Nonhuman Subjects Experiments and Nonexperiments Pure and Applied Research What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology? Physiological Psychology Psychopharmacology Neuropsychology The Case of Mr. R., the Brain-Damaged Student Who Switched to Architecture Psychophysiology Cognitive Neuroscience Comparative Psychology Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together? 2 3 3</p><p>Evolution, Genetics, and Experience Thinking about the Biology of Behavior</p><p>20</p><p>4 4 4 5 7 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 11 12</p><p>1.3</p><p>2.1</p><p>1.4</p><p>Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Interactions Is It Physiological, or Is It Psychological? Is It Inherited, or Is It Learned? Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed The Case of the Chimps and the Mirrors The Case of the Thinking Student Human Evolution Evolution and Behavior Course of Human Evolution Thinking about Human Evolution Evolution of the Human Brain</p><p>21 21 21 22 22 23 24 24 26 27 29 31</p><p>2.2</p><p>1.5 iv</p><p>Contents</p><p>v 55 55 57</p><p>Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate Bonding Thinking about Evolutionary Psychology 2.3 Fundamental Genetics Mendelian Genetics Chromosomes: Reproduction and Recombination Chromosomes: Structure and Replication Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits The Genetic Code and Gene Expression Mitochondrial DNA Modern Genetics Behavioral Development: Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience Selective Breeding of Maze-Bright and Maze-Dull Rats Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder Development of Birdsong Genetics of Human Psychological Differences Development of Individuals versus Development of Differences among Individuals Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review</p><p>33 35 35 35 36 36 38 38 39 39 42 42 43 44 45 46 46 48 48 49 49</p><p>3.2</p><p>Cells of the Nervous System Anatomy of Neurons Glial Cells: The Forgotten Cells</p><p>3.3</p><p>Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 59 Neuroanatomical Techniques 59 Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System 61 Spinal Cord Five Major Divisions of the Brain Major Structures of the Brain Myelencephalon Metencephalon Mesencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon The Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 69 73 74 74 74</p><p>3.4 3.5 3.6</p><p>2.4</p><p>2.5</p><p>4</p><p>Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission How Neurons Send and Receive Signals</p><p>75</p><p>3</p><p>Anatomy of the Nervous System Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System</p><p>50</p><p>The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson s Disease 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Recording the Membrane Potential Resting Membrane Potential Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials Conduction of Action Potentials Ionic Basis of Action Potentials Refractory Periods Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials</p><p>76 76 76 76 77 79 80 82 82 83 83</p><p>4.2 4.3 3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Blood Brain Barrier 51 51 53 53 4.4</p><p>vi</p><p>Contents</p><p>Conduction in Myelinated Axons The Velocity of Axonal Conduction Conduction in Neurons without Axons The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective 4.5 Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons Structure of Synapses Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling Glial Function and Synaptic Transmission Neurotransmitters Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Monoamine Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Unconventional Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review</p><p>84 85 85 85</p><p>Part One Methods of Studying the Nervous System 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Contrast X-Rays X-Ray Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Functional MRI Magnetoencephalography Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Scalp Electroencephalography Muscle Tension Eye Movement Skin Conductance Cardiovascular Activity Invasive Physiological Research Methods Stereotaxic Surgery Lesion Methods Electrical Stimulation Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods Pharmacological Research Methods Routes of Drug Administration Selective Chemical Lesions Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain Genetic Engineering Gene Knockout Techniques Gene Replacement Techniques Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow 102 103 103 104 104 105 106 106 107 107 109 109 110 110 111 111 111 113 113 114 114 115 115 116 116 116 117 117</p><p>86 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 95 95 95 98 99 99 100 5.5 5.3 5.2</p><p>4.6</p><p>4.7</p><p>5.4</p><p>5</p><p>The Research Methods of Biopsychology Understanding What Biopsychologists Do</p><p>101</p><p>Part Two Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function Frontal-Lobe Function Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior Paradigms for Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors 119 119 120 121 122 123 124 124</p><p>5.7 5.8 The Ironic Case of Professor P. 102</p><p>Contents</p><p>vii 149 150 150 151 152 154 155 155 155 156 156 157 158 158 159 160 160 160 161 161 162 162 163</p><p>Traditional Conditioning Paradigms Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review</p><p>125 126 128 129 129 130 6.5</p><p>The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited Plasticity of Receptive Fields of Neurons in the Visual Cortex Seeing Color Component and Opponent Processing Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion The Case of the Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas, Blindsight, and Conscious Awareness The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Blindsight Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex Dorsal and Ventral Streams The Case of D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Conciously See The Case of A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw Prosopagnosia R.P., a Typical Case of Prosopagnosia Akinetopsia Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia Conclusion Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review</p><p>6.6</p><p>Part Three</p><p>Sensory and Motor Systems</p><p>6</p><p>The Visual System How We See</p><p>131</p><p>The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer 6.1 Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina The Pupil and the Lens Eye Position and Binocular Disparity The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals Cone and Rod Vision Spectral Sensitivity Eye Movement Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex Retinotopic Organization The M and P Channels Seeing Edges Lateral Inhibition and Contrast Enhancement Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System Receptive Fields: Simple Cortical Cells Receptive Fields: Complex Cortical Cells Columnar Organization of Primary Visual Cortex</p><p>132 133 133 134 136 137 139 140 141 142 143 143 144 144 145 146 147 148 148</p><p>6.2</p><p>7</p><p>Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention How You Know the World</p><p>164</p><p>6.3</p><p>6.4</p><p>The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One Thing at a Time 165</p><p>viii 7.1</p><p>Contents</p><p>Principles of Sensory System Organization Hierarchical Organization The Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat Functional Segregation Parallel Processing Summary Model of Sensory System Organization The Auditory System The Ear From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex Subcortical Mechanisms of Sound Localization Auditory Cortex Effects of Damage to the Auditory System Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain Cutaneous Receptors Dermatomes Two Major Somatosensory Pathways Cortical Areas of Somatosensation Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Somatosensory System and Association Cortex The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma with His Hand Somatosensory Agnosias The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body Perception of Pain The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain Neuropathic Pain Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Olfactory System Gustatory System Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses Selective Attention Change Blindness Neural Mechanisms of Attention Simultanagnosia Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review</p><p>165 165 166 166 166 166 167 168 170</p><p>8</p><p>The Sensorimotor System How You Move</p><p>191</p><p>7.2</p><p>The Case of Rhonda, the Dexterous Cashier 170 171 172 174 174 175 175 177 179 179 179 179 180 180 181 183 183 183 185 186 187 188 188 189 189 189 190 190 8.6 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control A General Model of Sensorimotor System Function Sensorimotor Association Cortex Posterior Parietal Association Cortex The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex Secondary Motor Cortex Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex Mirror Neurons Primary Motor Cortex Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Cere..</p>